Unity 项目开发实用文档（C#）#

本实用文档总结了在 Unity 使用 C# 开发时常见功能的基本实现，包括画布与 UI 设置、关卡切换、实体碰撞、音效播放、数据存储、角色控制等内容，适合快速参考与项目模板搭建。

1. 设置画布与 UI 元素#

创建画布（Canvas）#

Unity 中创建 UI 元素时，系统会自动添加 Canvas，通常使用 Screen Space - Overlay 模式。

示例：动态创建 Canvas 和一个按钮

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using UnityEngine;
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using UnityEngine.UI;
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public class CreateCanvas : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    void Start()
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    {
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        GameObject canvasObj = new GameObject("Canvas");
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        Canvas canvas = canvasObj.AddComponent<Canvas>();
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        canvas.renderMode = RenderMode.ScreenSpaceOverlay;
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        canvasObj.AddComponent<CanvasScaler>();
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        canvasObj.AddComponent<GraphicRaycaster>();
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        GameObject buttonObj = new GameObject("Button");
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        buttonObj.transform.SetParent(canvasObj.transform);
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        Button button = buttonObj.AddComponent<Button>();
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        buttonObj.AddComponent<Image>();
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        RectTransform rt = buttonObj.GetComponent<RectTransform>();
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        rt.sizeDelta = new Vector2(160, 30);
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        rt.anchoredPosition = new Vector2(0, 0);
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    }
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}

2. UI 按钮点击事件绑定#

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using UnityEngine;
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using UnityEngine.UI;
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public class ButtonHandler : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    public Button myButton;
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    void Start()
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    {
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        myButton.onClick.AddListener(OnClickHandler);
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    }
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    void OnClickHandler()
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    {
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        Debug.Log("按钮被点击了！");
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    }
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}

3. 切换场景（关卡）#

Unity 场景切换通过 SceneManager 实现。

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using UnityEngine;
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using UnityEngine.SceneManagement;
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public class SceneSwitcher : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    public void LoadSceneByName(string sceneName)
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    {
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        SceneManager.LoadScene(sceneName);
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    }
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    public void ReloadCurrentScene()
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    {
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        SceneManager.LoadScene(SceneManager.GetActiveScene().name);
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    }
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}

注意：使用此功能前需在 File > Build Settings 中将场景加入 Build 列表。

4. 实体碰撞检测#

4.1 使用 OnCollisionEnter（需要 Rigidbody 和 Collider）#

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using UnityEngine;
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public class CollisionExample : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision)
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    {
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        Debug.Log("碰撞到了: " + collision.gameObject.name);
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    }
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}

4.2 使用 OnTriggerEnter（需勾选 Collider 的 IsTrigger）#

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using UnityEngine;
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public class TriggerExample : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other)
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    {
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        Debug.Log("触发器检测到对象: " + other.name);
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    }
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}

注意：确保至少有一个物体附加 Rigidbody 组件。

5. 音效播放#

5.1 播放一次音效（适用于点击、跳跃等）#

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using UnityEngine;
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public class AudioExample : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    public AudioClip clip;
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    private AudioSource audioSource;
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    void Start()
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    {
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        audioSource = gameObject.AddComponent<AudioSource>();
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    }
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    public void PlaySound()
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    {
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        audioSource.PlayOneShot(clip);
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    }
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}

5.2 循环播放背景音乐#

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void Start()
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{
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    audioSource = gameObject.AddComponent<AudioSource>();
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    audioSource.clip = clip;
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    audioSource.loop = true;
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    audioSource.Play();
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}

6. 数据存储（PlayerPrefs）#

6.1 存储与读取整数、字符串、浮点数#

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// 保存
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PlayerPrefs.SetInt("score", 100);
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PlayerPrefs.SetString("playerName", "Ryo");
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PlayerPrefs.SetFloat("volume", 0.8f);
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// 读取
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int score = PlayerPrefs.GetInt("score", 0);
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string name = PlayerPrefs.GetString("playerName", "Default");
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float volume = PlayerPrefs.GetFloat("volume", 1.0f);
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// 删除数据
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PlayerPrefs.DeleteKey("score");
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// 清空所有数据
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PlayerPrefs.DeleteAll();

7. 角色移动控制器（基础）#

7.1 基于 CharacterController 控件的简单移动和跳跃#

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using UnityEngine;
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[RequireComponent(typeof(CharacterController))]
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public class SimplePlayerController : MonoBehaviour
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{
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    public float moveSpeed = 5f;
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    public float jumpHeight = 2f;
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    public float gravity = -9.81f;
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    private CharacterController controller;
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    private Vector3 velocity;
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    private bool isGrounded;
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    void Start()
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    {
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        controller = GetComponent<CharacterController>();
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    }
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    void Update()
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    {
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        isGrounded = controller.isGrounded;
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        if (isGrounded && velocity.y < 0)
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        {
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            velocity.y = -2f;
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        }
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        float x = Input.GetAxis("Horizontal");
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        float z = Input.GetAxis("Vertical");
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        Vector3 move = transform.right * x + transform.forward * z;
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        controller.Move(move * moveSpeed * Time.deltaTime);
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        if (Input.GetButtonDown("Jump") && isGrounded)
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        {
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            velocity.y = Mathf.Sqrt(jumpHeight * -2f * gravity);
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        }
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        velocity.y += gravity * Time.deltaTime;
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        controller.Move(velocity * Time.deltaTime);
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    }
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}

8. 常用实用代码片段#

8.1 延迟执行（协程）#

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IEnumerator DelayedAction()
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{
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    yield return new WaitForSeconds(2f);
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    Debug.Log("两秒后执行");
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}

8.2 查找游戏对象与组件#

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GameObject obj = GameObject.Find("Player");
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Rigidbody rb = obj.GetComponent<Rigidbody>();

8.3 销毁对象#

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Destroy(gameObject); // 立即销毁自身
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Destroy(obj, 2f);    // 延迟 2 秒销毁

9. 开发调试建议#

使用 Debug.Log 输出调试信息。
利用 Gizmos 可视化碰撞体与检测区域。
多使用 Prefab，提高 UI 和实体复用性。
合理分离 UI 与逻辑代码，使用 MVC/MVVM 架构更利于维护。
使用 ScriptableObject 管理全局数据更为优雅。

10. 项目依赖建议#

TextMeshPro：推荐替代原生 Text，显示更清晰。
DOTween：用于动画补间。
Unity Input System：新版输入系统，支持手柄与键鼠切换。
Cinemachine：高级相机控制解决方案。

附录：推荐资源#

Unity 官方文档：

Unity documentation

Docs and guides to work with the Unity ecosystem

docs.unity.com

Unity Learn 教程：

Learn game development w/ Unity | Courses & tutorials in game design, VR, AR, & Real-time 3D | Unity Learn

Free tutorials, courses, and guided pathways for mastering real-time 3D development skills to make video games, VR, AR, and more.

learn.unity.com

Asset Store 工具包：

Unity Asset Store

Discover the best assets for game making. Choose from our massive catalog of 2D, 3D models, SDKs, templates, and tools to speed up your game development.

assetstore.unity.com

DOTween：

DOTween (HOTween v2) | Animation Tools | Unity Asset Store

Use the DOTween (HOTween v2) tool from Demigiant on your next project. Find this & more animation tools on the Unity Asset Store.

assetstore.unity.com

文章编辑：@鈴奈咲桜